The role of fear and predator-dependent refuge on the dynamics of the carcasses-prey-scavenger system

Abstract

A novel ecological model involving carcasses, prey, and scavengers under the influence of fear and predator-dependent refuge is proposed and examined in this research. The main objective of studying such an ecological model is to comprehend the complex trophic interactions and population dynamics within an ecosystem. Beyond simple predator-prey relationships, this type of model takes into account several significant factors that influence the behavior and survival of many species. Since the model is built as a system of nonlinear differential equations, we looked at the existence and stability of equilibria. The prerequisites for persistence were established. The study looked at bifurcation analysis, which shows that altering certain parameters can result in qualitative changes. Furthermore, our obtained results are validated by the use of numerical simulation. The results highlight that the suggested system has only a point attractor and lacks the periodic dynamics typical of a prey-predator system. This indicates that the prey-predator dynamics were stabilized by the presence of carcasses in the habitat.